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OCR GCSE J249 Physics: spec coverage

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Spec text is our short form of the board's statement. Always check the board's own specification.

SpecStatementLesson
P1.1aDescribe how and why the atomic model has changed over timePH19-06 How the model of the atom changed Coming soon
P1.1bDescribe the atom as a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons, with the nuclear radius much smaller than that of the atom and with almost all of the mass in the nucleusPH19-01 The structure and size of an atom Coming soon
P1.1cRecall the typical size (order of magnitude) of atoms and small moleculesPH19-01 The structure and size of an atom Coming soon
P1.1dDefine densityPH08-02 Density Coming soon
P1.1eExplain the differences in density between the different states of matter in terms of the arrangements of the atoms and moleculesPH08-01 The particle model and the states of matter Coming soon
P1.1fApply the relationship between density, mass and volume to changes where mass is conservedPH08-02 Density Coming soon
P1.2aDescribe how mass is conserved when substances melt, freeze, evaporate, condense or sublimatePH08-03 Changes of state and conservation of mass Coming soon
P1.2bDescribe that physical changes differ from chemical changes because the material recovers its original properties if the change is reversedPH08-03 Changes of state and conservation of mass Coming soon
P1.2cDescribe how heating a system will change the energy stored within the system and raise its temperature or produce changes of statePH08-04 Internal energy and what heating does to a system Coming soon
P1.2dDefine the term specific heat capacity and distinguish between it and the term specific latent heatPH08-05 Specific heat capacity Coming soonPH08-06 Specific latent heat of fusion and of vaporisation Coming soon
P1.2eApply the relationship between change in internal energy of a material and its mass, specific heat capacity and temperature change to calculate the energy change involvedPH08-05 Specific heat capacity Coming soon
P1.2fApply the relationship between specific latent heat and mass to calculate the energy change involved in a change of statePH08-06 Specific latent heat of fusion and of vaporisation Coming soon
P1.3aExplain how the motion of the molecules in a gas is related both to its temperature and its pressure application to closed systems onlyPH08-07 Gas particles, temperature and pressure Coming soon
P1.3bExplain the relationship between the temperature of a gas and its pressure at constant volume (qualitative only)PH08-07 Gas particles, temperature and pressure Coming soon
P1.3cRecall that gases can be compressed or expanded by pressure changes and that the pressure produces a net force at right angles to any surfacePH08-09 Gases under pressure: pV = constant (triple) Coming soon
P1.3dExplain how increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at constant temperature can lead to a decrease in pressure behaviour regarding particle velocity and collisionsPH08-09 Gases under pressure: pV = constant (triple) Coming soon
P1.3eExplain how doing work on a gas can increase its temperature examples such as a bicycle pumpPH08-10 Doing work on a gas raises its temperature (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P1.3fDescribe a simple model of the Earth’s atmosphere and of atmospheric pressure an assumption of uniform density; knowledge of layers is not expectedPH09-02 Atmospheric pressure (triple) Coming soon
P1.3gExplain why atmospheric pressure varies with height above the surface of the planetPH09-02 Atmospheric pressure (triple) Coming soon
P1.3hDescribe the factors which influence floating and sinkingPH09-04 Upthrust, floating and sinking (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P1.3iExplain why pressure in a liquid varies with depth and density and how this leads to an upwards force on a partially submerged objectPH09-03 Pressure, depth and density: p = h rho g (triple) Coming soonPH09-04 Upthrust, floating and sinking (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P1.3jCalculate the differences in pressure at different depths in a liquid knowledge that strength of the gravitational field and has a value of 10 N/kg near the Earth’s surfacePH09-03 Pressure, depth and density: p = h rho g (triple) Coming soonPH09-04 Upthrust, floating and sinking (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P2.1aDescribe how to measure distance and time in a range of scenariosPH01-06 Measuring speed in the laboratory Coming soon
P2.1bDescribe how to measure distance and time and use these to calculate speedPH01-06 Measuring speed in the laboratory Coming soon
P2.1cMake calculations using ratios and proportional reasoning to convert units and to compute ratesPH01-01 Units, prefixes and standard form in physics Watch
P2.1dExplain the vector–scalar distinction as it applies to displacement and distance, velocity and speedPH01-02 Scalars and vectors WatchPH01-03 Distance and displacement WatchPH01-05 Velocity Coming soon
P2.1eRelate changes and differences in motion to appropriate distance-time, and velocity-time graphs; interpret lines and slopesPH02-01 Distance-time graphs Coming soon
P2.1fInterpret enclosed area in velocity-time graphsPH02-04 Distance from the area under a velocity-time graph Coming soon
P2.1gCalculate average speed for non-uniform motionPH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt Watch
P2.1hApply formulae relating distance, time and speed, for uniform motion, and for motion with uniform accelerationPH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt WatchPH02-03 Acceleration and velocity-time graphs Coming soonPH02-05 The uniform acceleration equation: v^2 - u^2 = 2as Coming soon
P2.2aRecall examples of ways in which objects interactPH03-01 Contact and non-contact forces Coming soon
P2.2bDescribe how such examples involve interactions between pairs of objects which produce a force on each objectPH03-01 Contact and non-contact forces Coming soon
P2.2cRepresent forces as vectorsPH03-01 Contact and non-contact forces Coming soon
P2.2dApply Newton’s first law to explain the motion of an object moving with uniform velocity and also an object where the speed and/or direction changePH04-01 Newton's First Law Coming soon
P2.2eUse vector diagrams to illustrate resolution of forces, a net force (resultant force), and equilibrium situationsPH03-05 Resolving forces with a scale vector diagram (Higher) Coming soon
P2.2fDescribe examples of the forces acting on an isolated solid object or systemPH03-03 Resultant forces Coming soonPH03-04 Free body diagrams (Higher) Coming soonPH04-05 Terminal velocity Coming soon
P2.2gDescribe, using free body diagrams, examples where two or more forces lead to a resultant force on an objectPH03-03 Resultant forces Coming soonPH03-04 Free body diagrams (Higher) Coming soonPH04-05 Terminal velocity Coming soon
P2.2hDescribe, using free body diagrams, examples of the special case where forces balance to produce a resultant force of zero (qualitative only)PH03-03 Resultant forces Coming soonPH03-04 Free body diagrams (Higher) Coming soonPH04-05 Terminal velocity Coming soon
P2.2iApply Newton’s second law in calculations relating forces, masses and accelerationsPH04-02 Newton's Second Law: F = ma Coming soon
P2.2jExplain that inertia is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object and that the inertial mass is defined as the ratio of force over accelerationPH04-03 Inertia and inertial mass (Higher) Coming soon
P2.2kDefine momentum and describe examples of momentum in collisionsPH07-05 Momentum and p = mv (Higher) Coming soonPH07-06 Conservation of momentum (Higher) Coming soon
P2.2lApply formulae relating force, mass, velocity and acceleration to explain how the changes involved are inter-relatedPH07-07 Force as the rate of change of momentum, and impact forces Coming soon
P2.2mUse the relationship between work done, force, and distance moved along the line of action of the force and describe the energy transfer involvedPH05-03 Work done and energy transfer Coming soon
P2.2nCalculate relevant values of stored energy and energy transfers; convert between newton-metres and joulesPH05-03 Work done and energy transfer Coming soon
P2.2oExplain, with reference to examples, the definition of power as the rate at which energy is transferredPH05-04 Power as the rate of energy transfer Coming soon
P2.2pRecall and apply Newton’s third lawPH04-04 Newton's Third Law Coming soon
P2.2qExplain why an object moving in a circle with a constant speed has a changing velocity (qualitative only)PH04-06 Circular motion: constant speed, changing velocity (Higher) Coming soon
P2.3aExplain that to stretch, bend or compress an object, more than one force has to be appliedPH03-06 Elastic and inelastic deformation Coming soon
P2.3bDescribe the difference between elastic and plastic deformation (distortions) caused by stretching forcesPH03-06 Elastic and inelastic deformation Coming soon
P2.3cDescribe the relationship between force and extension for a spring and other simple systemsPH03-07 Hooke's law and the spring constant Coming soon
P2.3dDescribe the difference between linear and non-linear relationships between force and extensionPH03-07 Hooke's law and the spring constant Coming soon
P2.3eCalculate a spring constant in linear casesPH03-07 Hooke's law and the spring constant Coming soon
P2.3fCalculate the work done in stretchingPH05-07 Elastic potential energy Coming soon
P2.3gDescribe that all matter has a gravitational field that causes attraction, and the field strength is much greater for massive objectsPH03-02 Weight, mass and gravitational field strength Coming soon
P2.3hDefine weight, describe how it is measured and describe the relationship between the weight of an object and the gravitational field strength,PH03-02 Weight, mass and gravitational field strength Coming soon
P2.3iRecall the acceleration in free fallPH02-05 The uniform acceleration equation: v^2 - u^2 = 2as Coming soon
P2.3jApply formulae relating force, mass and relevant physical constants, including gravitational field strength, , to explore how changes in these are inter-relatedNot in our plan yet
P2.3kDescribe examples in which forces cause rotationPH03-08 Moments and the principle of moments (triple) Coming soonPH03-09 Levers and gears (triple) Coming soon
P2.3lDefine and calculate the moment of a forcePH03-08 Moments and the principle of moments (triple) Coming soonPH03-09 Levers and gears (triple) Coming soon
P2.3mExplain how levers and gears transmit the rotational effects of forcesPH03-08 Moments and the principle of moments (triple) Coming soonPH03-09 Levers and gears (triple) Coming soon
P2.3nRecall that the pressure in fluids (gases and liquids) causes a net force at right angles to any surfacePH09-01 Pressure in a fluid: p = F/A (triple) Coming soon
P2.3oUse the relationship between the force, the pressure and the area in contactPH09-01 Pressure in a fluid: p = F/A (triple) Coming soon
P3.1aDescribe that charge is a property of all matter and that there are positive and negative chargesPH12-01 Static charge: charging by friction, attraction and repulsion Coming soonPH12-02 Sparking, earthing, and the uses and dangers of static Coming soon
P3.1bDescribe the production of static electricity, and sparking, by rubbing surfaces, and evidence that charged objects exert forces of attraction or repulsion on one another when not in contactPH12-01 Static charge: charging by friction, attraction and repulsion Coming soonPH12-02 Sparking, earthing, and the uses and dangers of static Coming soon
P3.1cExplain how transfer of electrons between objects can explain the phenomena of static electricityPH12-01 Static charge: charging by friction, attraction and repulsion Coming soonPH12-02 Sparking, earthing, and the uses and dangers of static Coming soon
P3.1dExplain the concept of an electric field and how it helps to explain the phenomena of static electricityPH12-03 Electric fields (triple) Coming soon
P3.1eRecall that current is a rate of flow of charge (electrons) and the conditions needed for charge to flowPH10-02 Charge, current and Q = It Coming soon
P3.1fRecall that current has the same value at any point in a single closed loopPH10-02 Charge, current and Q = It Coming soon
P3.1gRecall and use the relationship between quantity of charge, current and timePH10-02 Charge, current and Q = It Coming soon
P3.2aDescribe the differences between series and parallel circuitsPH10-01 Circuit diagrams and standard symbols Coming soonPH10-04 Voltmeters and ammeters in a circuit Coming soonPH10-08 Series circuits Coming soonPH10-09 Parallel circuits Coming soon
P3.2bRepresent d.c. circuits with the conventions of positive and negative terminals, and the symbols that represent common circuit elementsPH10-01 Circuit diagrams and standard symbols Coming soonPH10-04 Voltmeters and ammeters in a circuit Coming soonPH10-08 Series circuits Coming soonPH10-09 Parallel circuits Coming soon
P3.2cRecall that current, , depends on both resistance, and potential difference, , and the units in which these are measuredPH10-05 Resistance and V = IR Coming soon
P3.2dRecall and apply the relationship between and and that for some resistors the value of R remains constant but that in others it can change as the current changesPH10-05 Resistance and V = IR Coming soon
P3.2eExplain that for some resistors the value of remains constant but that in others it can change as the current changesPH10-06 I-V characteristics: ohmic conductor, filament lamp and diode Coming soonPH10-07 Thermistors and light-dependent resistors Coming soon
P3.2fExplain the design and use of circuits to explore such effectsPH10-06 I-V characteristics: ohmic conductor, filament lamp and diode Coming soonPH10-07 Thermistors and light-dependent resistors Coming soon
P3.2gUse graphs to explore whether circuit elements are linear or non-linearPH10-06 I-V characteristics: ohmic conductor, filament lamp and diode Coming soonPH10-07 Thermistors and light-dependent resistors Coming soon
P3.2hUse graphs and relate the curves produced to the function and properties of circuit elementsPH10-06 I-V characteristics: ohmic conductor, filament lamp and diode Coming soonPH10-07 Thermistors and light-dependent resistors Coming soon
P3.2iExplain why, if two resistors are in series the net resistance is increased, whereas with two in parallel the net resistance is decreased (qualitative explanation only)PH10-08 Series circuits Coming soonPH10-09 Parallel circuits Coming soon
P3.2jCalculate the currents, potential differences and resistances in d.c. series and parallel circuitsPH10-08 Series circuits Coming soonPH10-09 Parallel circuits Coming soon
P3.2kExplain the design and use of d.c. circuits for measurement and testing purposesPH10-08 Series circuits Coming soonPH10-09 Parallel circuits Coming soon
P3.2lExplain how the power transfer in any circuit device is related to the potential difference across it and the current, and to the energy changes over a given timePH10-03 Potential difference and E = QV Coming soonPH11-01 Electrical power: P = VI and P = I^2 R Coming soonPH11-02 Energy transferred by an appliance: E = Pt and E = IVt Coming soon
P3.2mApply the equations relating potential difference, current, quantity of charge, resistance, power, energy, and time, and solve problems for circuits which include resistors in series, using the concept of equivalent resistancePH10-08 Series circuits Coming soonPH10-09 Parallel circuits Coming soon
P4.1aDescribe the attraction and repulsion between unlike and like poles for permanent magnetsPH13-01 Magnetic poles, permanent and induced magnets Coming soon
P4.1bDescribe the difference between permanent and induced magnetsPH13-01 Magnetic poles, permanent and induced magnets Coming soon
P4.1cDescribe the characteristics of the magnetic field of a magnet, showing how strength and direction change from one point to anotherPH13-02 Magnetic fields, plotting compasses and the Earth's field Coming soon
P4.1dExplain how the behaviour of a magnetic (dipping) compass is related to evidence that the core of the Earth must be magneticPH13-02 Magnetic fields, plotting compasses and the Earth's field Coming soon
P4.1eDescribe how to show that a current can create a magnetic effect and describe the directions of the magnetic field around a conducting wirePH13-03 The magnetic effect of a current, solenoids and electromagnets Coming soon
P4.1fRecall that the strength of the field depends on the current and the distance from the conductorPH13-03 The magnetic effect of a current, solenoids and electromagnets Coming soon
P4.1gExplain how solenoid arrangements can enhance the magnetic effectPH13-03 The magnetic effect of a current, solenoids and electromagnets Coming soon
P4.2aDescribe how a magnet and a current- carrying conductor exert a force on one anotherPH13-04 The motor effect and Fleming's left-hand rule (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2bShow that Fleming’s left-hand rule represents the relative orientations of the force, the current and the magnetic fieldPH13-04 The motor effect and Fleming's left-hand rule (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2cApply the equation that links the force on a conductor to the magnetic flux density, the current and the length of conductor to calculate the forces involvedPH13-05 F = BIl (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2dExplain how the force exerted from a magnet and a current-carrying conductor is used to cause rotation in electric motors an understanding of howPH13-06 Electric motors (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2eRecall that a change in the magnetic field around a conductor can give rise to an induced potential difference across its ends, which could drive a current, generating a magnetic field that would oppose the original changePH14-01 Electromagnetic induction and the generator effect (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2fExplain how this effect is used in an alternator to generate a.c., and in a dynamo to generate d.c.PH14-04 Alternators and dynamos (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P4.2gExplain how the effect of an alternating current in one circuit, in inducing a current in another, is used in transformersPH14-02 Transformers and the turns-ratio equation (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2hExplain how the ratio of the potential differences across the two coils in a transformer depends on the ratio of the numbers of turns in eachPH14-02 Transformers and the turns-ratio equation (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2iApply the equations linking the potential differences and numbers of turns in the two coils of a transformerPH14-02 Transformers and the turns-ratio equation (Higher) Coming soon
P4.2jExplain the action of the microphone in converting the pressure variations in sound waves into variations in current in electrical circuits, and the reverse effect as used in loudspeakers and headphonesPH14-05 Microphones and loudspeakers (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P5.1aDescribe wave motion in terms of amplitude, wavelength, frequency and periodPH15-03 Amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period Coming soon
P5.1bDefine wavelength and frequencyPH15-03 Amplitude, wavelength, frequency and period Coming soon
P5.1cDescribe and apply the relationship between wavelength, frequency and wave velocityPH15-04 The wave equation Coming soon
P5.1dApply formulae relating velocity, frequency and wavelengthPH15-04 The wave equation Coming soon
P5.1eDescribe differences between transverse and longitudinal wavesPH15-02 Transverse and longitudinal waves Coming soon
P5.1fShow how changes, in velocity, frequency and wavelength, in transmission of sound waves from one medium to another, are inter-relatedPH16-01 Sound crossing from one medium to another (triple) Coming soon
P5.1gDescribe the effects of reflection, transmission, and absorption of waves at material interfacePH18-03 Reflection, transmission and absorption at a boundary (triple) Coming soon
P5.1hDescribe, with examples, processes which convert wave disturbances between sound waves and vibrations in solidsPH16-02 Sound, the ear and the limits of human hearing (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P5.1iExplain why such processes only work over a limited frequency range, and the relevance of this to human hearingPH16-02 Sound, the ear and the limits of human hearing (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P5.1jDescribe how ripples on water surfaces are used to model transverse waves whilst sound waves in air are longitudinal waves, and how the speed of each may be measuredPH15-01 What a wave does: energy without matter Coming soonPH15-05 Measuring the speed of a wave Coming soon
P5.1kDescribe evidence for the cases of ripples on water surfaces and for sound waves in air that it is the wave that travels and not the water or the air This section includes the application of electromagnetic wavesPH15-01 What a wave does: energy without matter Coming soonPH15-05 Measuring the speed of a wave Coming soon
P5.2aRecall that electromagnetic waves are transverse and are transmitted through space where all have the same velocityPH17-01 The electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2bExplain that electromagnetic waves transfer energy from source to absorberPH17-01 The electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2cApply the relationships between frequency and wavelength across the electromagnetic spectrumPH17-01 The electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2dDescribe the main groupings of the electromagnetic spectrum and that these groupings range from long to short wavelengths and from low to high frequenciesPH17-01 The electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2eDescribe that our eyes can only detect a limited range of the electromagnetic spectrumPH17-01 The electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2fRecall that light is an electromagnetic wavePH17-01 The electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2gGive examples of some practical uses of electromagnetic waves in the radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray regionsPH17-02 Uses of each part of the electromagnetic spectrum Coming soon
P5.2hDescribe how ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays can have hazardous effects, notably on human bodily tissuesPH17-03 The hazards of electromagnetic radiation Coming soon
P5.2iExplain, in qualitative terms, how the differences in velocity, absorption and reflection between different types of waves in solids and liquids can be used both for detection and for exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation, notably in our bodiesPH16-03 Ultrasound, infrasound and echo sounding (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P5.2jRecall that radio waves can be produced by, or can themselves induce, oscillations in electrical circuitsPH17-04 Radio waves and electrical oscillations (Higher) Coming soon
P5.3aRecall that different substances may absorb, transmit, refract, or reflect electromagnetic waves in ways that vary with wavelengthPH18-02 How different substances treat different wavelengths (Higher) Coming soon
P5.3bExplain how some effects are related to differences in the velocity of electromagnetic waves in different substancesPH18-02 How different substances treat different wavelengths (Higher) Coming soon
P5.3cUse ray diagrams to illustrate reflection, refraction and the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses (qualitative only) how the behaviour of convex and concave lenses determine how they may be used, for example, to correct visionPH18-05 Lenses and ray diagrams (triple) Coming soon
P5.3dConstruct two-dimensional ray diagrams to illustrate reflection and refraction (qualitative only – equations not needed)PH18-01 Refraction at a boundary Coming soon
P5.3eExplain how colour is related to differential absorption, transmission and reflection specular reflection and scatteringPH18-06 Colour, filters, and specular versus diffuse reflection (triple) Coming soon
P6.1aRecall that atomic nuclei are composed of both protons and neutrons, that the nucleus of each element has a characteristic positive chargePH19-02 Protons, neutrons and electrons Coming soonPH19-03 Atomic number, mass number and isotopes Coming soon
P6.1bRecall that atoms of the same elements can differ in nuclear mass by having different numbers of neutronsPH19-02 Protons, neutrons and electrons Coming soonPH19-03 Atomic number, mass number and isotopes Coming soon
P6.1cUse the conventional representation for nuclei to relate the differences between isotopesPH19-02 Protons, neutrons and electrons Coming soonPH19-03 Atomic number, mass number and isotopes Coming soon
P6.1dRecall that some nuclei are unstable and may emit alpha particles, beta particles, or neutrons, and electromagnetic radiation as gamma raysPH20-01 Radioactive decay is random: activity and count-rate Coming soonPH20-02 Alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation compared Coming soon
P6.1eRelate the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma radiation and neutrons to possible changes in the mass or the charge of the nucleus, or bothPH20-04 Nuclear equations for alpha and beta decay Coming soon
P6.1fUse names and symbols of common nuclei and particles to write balanced equations that represent radioactive decayPH20-04 Nuclear equations for alpha and beta decay Coming soon
P6.1gBalance equations representing the emission of alpha, beta or gamma radiation in terms of the masses, and charges of the atoms involvedPH20-04 Nuclear equations for alpha and beta decay Coming soon
P6.1hRecall that in each atom its electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus, that such arrangements may change with absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation and that atoms can become ions by loss of outer electronsPH19-04 Electron energy levels and ions Coming soonPH19-05 Radiation from atoms and nuclei Coming soon
P6.1iRecall that changes in atoms and nuclei can also generate and absorb radiations over a wide frequency rangePH19-04 Electron energy levels and ions Coming soonPH19-05 Radiation from atoms and nuclei Coming soon
P6.1jExplain the concept of half-life and how this is related to the random nature of radioactive decayPH20-05 Half-life Coming soon
P6.1kCalculate the net decline, expressed as a ratio, during radioactive emission after a given (integral) number of half-livesPH20-06 Net decline after a number of half-lives Coming soon
P6.1lRecall the differences in the penetration properties of alpha particles, beta particles and gamma raysPH20-01 Radioactive decay is random: activity and count-rate Coming soonPH20-02 Alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation compared Coming soon
P6.2aRecall the differences between contamination and irradiation effects and compare the hazards associated with these twoPH21-02 Contamination and irradiation Coming soonPH21-03 The dangers of ionising radiation and the precautions taken Coming soon
P6.2bExplain why the hazards associated with radioactive material differ according to the half-life involvedPH21-04 Why the hazard of a source depends on its half-life (triple) Coming soon
P6.2cDescribe the different uses of nuclear radiations for exploration of internal organs, and for control or destruction of unwanted tissuePH21-05 Uses of radioactivity in medicine and industry (triple) Coming soon
P6.2dRecall that some nuclei are unstable and may split, and relate such effects to radiation which might emerge, to transfer of energy to other particles and to the possibility of chain reactionsPH21-06 Nuclear fission and the chain reaction (triple) Coming soon
P6.2eDescribe the process of nuclear fusionPH21-07 Nuclear fusion (triple) Coming soon
P7.1aDescribe for situations where there are energy transfers in a system, that there is no net change to the total energy of a closed system (qualitative only) the law of conservation of energyPH06-01 Conservation of energy and dissipation Coming soon
P7.1bDescribe all the changes involved in the way energy is stored when a system changes for common situations an object projected upwards or up a slope, a moving object hitting an obstacle, an object being accelerated by a constant force, a vehicle slowing down, bringing water to a boil in an electric kettlePH05-01 Energy stores and the three ways a system's energy changes Coming soon
P7.1cDescribe the changes in energy involved when a system is changed by heating (in terms of temperature change and specific heat capacity), by work done by forces, and by work done when a current flowsPH05-01 Energy stores and the three ways a system's energy changes Coming soon
P7.1dMake calculations of the energy changes associated with changes in a system, recalling or selecting the relevant equations for mechanical, electrical, and thermal processes; thereby express in quantitative form and on a common scale the overall redistribution of energy in the system work done by forces, current flow, through heating and the use of kW h to measure energy use in electrical appliances in the homePH05-02 Energy transfer diagrams and the common scale Coming soon
P7.1eCalculate the amounts of energy associated with a moving body, a stretched spring and an object raised above ground levelPH05-05 Kinetic energy Coming soonPH05-06 Gravitational potential energy Coming soonPH05-07 Elastic potential energy Coming soon
P7.2aDescribe, with examples, the process by which energy is dissipated, so that it is stored in less useful waysPH06-01 Conservation of energy and dissipation Coming soon
P7.2bDescribe how, in different domestic devices, energy is transferred from batteries or the a.c. from the mains how energy may be wasted in the transfer to and within motors and heating devicesPH11-03 Domestic appliances and power ratings Coming soon
P7.2cDescribe, with examples, the relationship between the power ratings for domestic electrical appliances and how this is linked to the changes in stored energy when they are in usePH11-03 Domestic appliances and power ratings Coming soon
P7.2dCalculate energy efficiency for any energy transferPH06-03 Efficiency Coming soon
P7.2eDescribe ways to increase efficiencyPH06-04 Increasing efficiency (Higher) Coming soon
P7.2fExplain ways of reducing unwanted energy transfer lubrication and thermal insulationPH06-02 Reducing unwanted energy transfers Coming soon
P7.2gDescribe how the rate of cooling of a building is affected by the thickness and thermal conductivity of its walls (qualitative only)PH06-02 Reducing unwanted energy transfers Coming soon
P8.1aRecall typical speeds encountered in everyday experience for wind and sound, and for walking, running, cycling and other transportation systemsPH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt Watch
P8.1bEstimate the magnitudes of everyday accelerationsPH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt Watch
P8.1cMake calculations using ratios and proportional reasoning to convert units and to compute ratesPH01-01 Units, prefixes and standard form in physics Watch
P8.1dExplain methods of measuring human reaction times and recall typical resultsPH07-01 Reaction time and thinking distance Coming soon
P8.1eExplain the factors which affect the distance required for road transport vehicles to come to rest in emergencies and the implications for safetyPH07-02 Stopping distance Coming soonPH07-03 Braking, energy and large decelerations Coming soon
P8.1fEstimate how the distances required for road vehicles to stop in an emergency, varies over a range of typical speedsPH07-04 Estimating the forces in a road-vehicle deceleration (Higher) Coming soonPH07-08 Estimating how stopping distance grows with speed (triple) Coming soon
P8.1gExplain the dangers caused by large decelerationsPH07-02 Stopping distance Coming soonPH07-03 Braking, energy and large decelerations Coming soon
P8.1hEstimate the forces involved in typical situations on a public roadPH07-04 Estimating the forces in a road-vehicle deceleration (Higher) Coming soon
P8.1iEstimate, for everyday road transport, the speed, accelerations and forces involved in large accelerationsPH07-04 Estimating the forces in a road-vehicle deceleration (Higher) Coming soonPH07-08 Estimating how stopping distance grows with speed (triple) Coming soon
P8.2aDescribe the main energy sources available for use on Earth, compare the ways in which they are used and distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sourcesPH06-05 Energy resources and how we use them Coming soonPH06-06 Reliability, environmental impact and the move away from fossil fuels Coming soon
P8.2bExplain patterns and trends in the use of energy resourcesPH06-05 Energy resources and how we use them Coming soonPH06-06 Reliability, environmental impact and the move away from fossil fuels Coming soon
P8.2cRecall that, in the national grid, electrical power is transferred at high voltages from power stations, and then transferred at lower voltages in each locality for domestic usePH11-09 The National Grid Coming soon
P8.2dRecall that step-up and step-down transformers are used to change the potential difference as power is transferred from power stationsPH11-09 The National Grid Coming soon
P8.2eExplain how the national grid is an efficient way to transfer energyPH11-09 The National Grid Coming soon
P8.2fLink the potential differences and numbers of turns of a transformer to the power transfer involved; relate this to the advantages of power transmission at high voltagesPH14-03 The transformer power equation and high-voltage transmission Coming soon
P8.2gRecall that the domestic supply in the UK is a.c. at 50 Hz and about 230 voltsPH11-06 Direct and alternating potential difference and the mains supply Coming soon
P8.2hExplain the difference between direct and alternating voltagePH11-06 Direct and alternating potential difference and the mains supply Coming soon
P8.2iRecall the differences in function between the live, neutral and earth mains wires, and the potential differences between these wiresPH11-07 Mains wiring: live, neutral and earth Coming soonPH11-08 Electrical safety: fuses, circuit breakers and earthing Coming soon
P8.2jExplain that a live wire may be dangerous even when a switch in a mains circuit is open, and explain the dangers of providing any connection between the live wire and earthPH11-07 Mains wiring: live, neutral and earth Coming soonPH11-08 Electrical safety: fuses, circuit breakers and earthing Coming soon
P8.3aExplain the red-shift of light as seen from galaxies which are receding (qualitative only). The change with distance of each galaxy’s speed is evidence of an expanding universePH23-03 Red-shift and the expanding Universe (triple) Coming soonPH23-04 The Big Bang, the Steady State theory and the cosmic microwave background (triple) Coming soon
P8.3bExplain how red shift and other evidence can be linked to the Big-Bang modelPH23-03 Red-shift and the expanding Universe (triple) Coming soonPH23-04 The Big Bang, the Steady State theory and the cosmic microwave background (triple) Coming soon
P8.3cRecall that our Sun was formed from dust and gas drawn together by gravity and explain how this caused fusion reactions, leading to equilibrium between gravitational collapse and expansion due to the energy released during fusionPH23-01 How a star forms and why it is stable (triple) Coming soonPH23-02 The life cycle of a star (triple) Coming soon
P8.3dExplain that all bodies emit radiation, and that the intensity and wavelength distribution of any emission depends on their temperaturesPH17-05 Infrared emission and absorption, and black-body radiation (triple) Coming soon
P8.3eRecall the main features of our solar system, including the similarities and distinctions between the planets, their moons, and artificial satellitesPH22-01 The Solar System and the Milky Way (triple) Coming soonPH22-04 Orbits of moons, planets and satellites (triple) Coming soon
P8.3fExplain for circular orbits, how the force of gravity can lead to changing velocity of a planet but unchanged speed (qualitative only)PH22-05 Circular orbits: gravity changes velocity, not speed (triple) Coming soon
P8.3gExplain how, for a stable orbit, the radius must change if this speed changes (qualitative only)PH22-05 Circular orbits: gravity changes velocity, not speed (triple) Coming soon
P8.3hExplain how the temperature of a body is related to the balance between incoming radiation absorbed and radiation emitted; illustrate this balance using everyday examples and the example of the factors which determine the temperature of the EarthPH17-06 Radiation balance and the temperature of the Earth (triple, Higher) Coming soon
P8.3iExplain, in qualitative terms, how the differences in velocity, absorption and reflection between different types of waves in solids and liquids can be used both for detection and for exploration of structures which are hidden from direct observation, notably in the Earth’s core and in deep water bold type will only be tested in the Higher Tier papers. All other statements will be assessed in both Foundation and Higher Tier papers. Recall and applyPH16-04 Seismic waves and the Earth's structure (triple, Higher) Coming soon
PAG P1Materials: Use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including length, area, mass, time, volume and temperature. Use of such measurements to determine densities of solid and liquid objects.PH24-02 Practical: density of solids and liquids Coming soon
PAG P2Forces: Use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including length, area, mass, time, volume and temperature. Use of appropriate apparatus to measure and observe the effects of forces including the extension of springs.PH24-04 Practical: force and extension of a spring Coming soon
PAG P3Motion: Use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including length, area, mass, time, volume and temperature. Use of appropriate apparatus and techniques for measuring motion, including determination of speed and rate of change of speed (acceleration/deceleration).PH24-05 Practical: acceleration, force and mass Coming soon
PAG P4Measuring waves: Use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including length, area, mass, time, volume and temperature. Making observations of waves in fluids and solids to identify the suitability of apparatus to measure speed/frequency/wavelength.PH24-08 Practical: waves in a ripple tank and in a solid Coming soon
PAG P5Energy: Use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including length, area, mass, time, volume and temperature. Safe use of appropriate apparatus in a range of contexts to measure energy changes/transfers and associated values such as work done.PH24-01 Practical: specific heat capacity Coming soonPH24-03 Practical: thermal insulators Coming soon
PAG P6Circuit components: Use of appropriate apparatus to measure current, potential difference (voltage) and resistance, and to explore the characteristics of a variety of circuit elements.PH24-07 Practical: I-V characteristics Coming soon
PAG P7Series and parallel circuits: Use of circuit diagrams to construct and check series and parallel circuits including a variety of common circuit elements.PH24-06 Practical: resistance of a wire and of components Coming soon
PAG P8Interactions of waves: Making observations of waves in fluids and solids to identify the suitability of apparatus to measure the effects of the interaction of waves with matter. Making observations of the effects of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter.PH24-09 Practical: reflection and refraction of light Coming soon
PM1.1iRecall and apply: density(kg/m ) volume(m )PH08-02 Density Coming soon
PM1.2iApply: change in thermal energy (J) = mass (kg) × specific heat capacity (J/kg °C) × change in temperature (°C)PH08-05 Specific heat capacity Coming soon
PM1.2iiApply: thermal energy for a change in state (J) = mass (kg) × specific latent heat (J/kg)PH08-06 Specific latent heat of fusion and of vaporisation Coming soon
PM1.3iApply: for a given mass of gas at a constant temperature pressure (Pa) × volume (m ) = constantPH08-09 Gases under pressure: pV = constant (triple) Coming soon
PM1.3iiApply: pressure due to a column of liquid (Pa) = height of column (m)PH09-03 Pressure, depth and density: p = h rho g (triple) Coming soonPH09-04 Upthrust, floating and sinking (triple, Higher) Coming soon
PM2.1iRecall and apply: distance travelled (m) = speed (m/s) × time (s)PH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt WatchPH02-03 Acceleration and velocity-time graphs Coming soonPH02-05 The uniform acceleration equation: v^2 - u^2 = 2as Coming soon
PM2.1iiRecall and apply: acceleration (m/s time(s) change in velocity(m/s)PH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt WatchPH02-03 Acceleration and velocity-time graphs Coming soonPH02-05 The uniform acceleration equation: v^2 - u^2 = 2as Coming soon
PM2.1iiiApply: (final velocity (m/s)) – (initial velocity (m/s))PH01-04 Speed, typical speeds and s = vt WatchPH02-03 Acceleration and velocity-time graphs Coming soonPH02-05 The uniform acceleration equation: v^2 - u^2 = 2as Coming soon
PM2.1ivRecall and apply: kinetic energy (J) =PH05-05 Kinetic energy Coming soonPH05-06 Gravitational potential energy Coming soonPH05-07 Elastic potential energy Coming soon
PM2.2iRecall and apply: force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (m/sPH04-02 Newton's Second Law: F = ma Coming soon
PM2.2iiRecall and apply: momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg)PH07-05 Momentum and p = mv (Higher) Coming soonPH07-06 Conservation of momentum (Higher) Coming soon
PM2.2iiiRecall and apply: work done (J) = force (N) × distance (m) (along the line of action of the force)PH05-03 Work done and energy transfer Coming soon
PM2.2ivRecall and apply: power (W) = time(s) work done(J)PH05-04 Power as the rate of energy transfer Coming soon
PM2.3iRecall and apply: force exerted by a spring (N) = spring constant (N/m) × extension (m)PH03-07 Hooke's law and the spring constant Coming soon
PM2.3iiApply: energy transferred in stretching (J) =PH05-07 Elastic potential energy Coming soon
PM2.3iiiRecall and apply: gravitational force (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)PH03-02 Weight, mass and gravitational field strength Coming soon
PM2.3ivRecall and apply: gravitational potential energy (J) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg) × height (m)PH05-06 Gravitational potential energy Coming soon
PM2.3vRecall and apply: pressure (Pa) = area of that surface (m ) force normal to a surface (N)PH09-01 Pressure in a fluid: p = F/A (triple) Coming soon
PM2.3viRecall and apply: moment of a force (N m) = force (N) × distance (m) (normal to direction of the force)PH03-08 Moments and the principle of moments (triple) Coming soonPH03-09 Levers and gears (triple) Coming soon
PM3.1iRecall and apply: charge flow (C) = current (A) × time (s)PH10-02 Charge, current and Q = It Coming soon
PM3.2iRecall and apply: potential difference (V) = current (A) × resistance (Ω)PH10-05 Resistance and V = IR Coming soon
PM3.2iiRecall and apply: energy transferred (J) = charge (C) × potential difference (V)PH10-03 Potential difference and E = QV Coming soonPH11-01 Electrical power: P = VI and P = I^2 R Coming soonPH11-02 Energy transferred by an appliance: E = Pt and E = IVt Coming soon
PM3.2iiiRecall and apply: power (W) = potential difference (V) × current (A) recall and apply: power (W) = (current (A))PH10-03 Potential difference and E = QV Coming soonPH11-01 Electrical power: P = VI and P = I^2 R Coming soonPH11-02 Energy transferred by an appliance: E = Pt and E = IVt Coming soon
PM3.2ivRecall and apply: energy transferred (J, kW h) = power (W, kW) × time (s, h)PH10-03 Potential difference and E = QV Coming soonPH11-01 Electrical power: P = VI and P = I^2 R Coming soonPH11-02 Energy transferred by an appliance: E = Pt and E = IVt Coming soon
PM4.2iApply: force on a conductor (at right angles to a magnetic field) carrying a current: force (N) = magnetic flux density (T) × current (A) × length (m)PH13-05 F = BIl (Higher) Coming soon
PM4.2iiApply: potential difference across secondary coil(V) potential difference across primary coil(V)PH14-02 Transformers and the turns-ratio equation (Higher) Coming soon
PM5.1iRecall and apply: wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) × wavelength (m)PH15-04 The wave equation Coming soon
PM7.2iRecall and apply: efficiency = input energy transfer(J) useful output energy transfer(J)PH06-03 Efficiency Coming soon
PM8.2iApply: potential difference across primary coil (V) × current in primary coil (A) = potential difference across secondary coil (V) × current in secondary coil (A) M1a, M1b, M1c, M1d, M2a, M3a,PH14-03 The transformer power equation and high-voltage transmission Coming soon